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DANIEL T. SATTERBERG
King County Prosecuting Attorney


Frequently Asked Questions

What is meant by “School Violence”?

This is a broad phrase that can cover a wide range of behavior. For purposes of the King County School Violence Program, however, "school violence" generally includes seven types of offenses that occur at school (or school events, or on school transportation), during school hours (or during the hours of school transportation or a school-related activity), and that impact the school environment.

Depending on the circumstances, an incident that happens away from school premises or school transportation may be included within this program if the incident happens within a reasonable distance and within a short period of time from the school setting or school activity; if it is directly related to the school relationship between the parties; and if the incident is likely to have a detrimental impact on the school environment.

The seven types of offenses within the scope of the program are listed below and each listed offense links to the appropriate RCW:

While other offenses at school are still reviewed by the Juvenile Section of the King County Prosecutor’s Office, the school violence program does not generally include the following:

  • Burglaries, criminal trespass, malicious mischief or fire cases that occur at a time other than when school is in session, e.g. in the summer, evenings, or on weekends;
  • Thefts at school where force or intimidation is not involved
  • Possession of drugs or alcohol by students

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How can the School Violence Program benefit schools and law enforcement officers assigned to schools?

The King County School Violence Program provides several benefits to schools, law enforcement officers, and the community as a whole. First, the SVP recognizes that both school officials and law enforcement officers have a public responsibility to understand and act within the framework of constitutional protections. The United States Supreme Court and the Washington Supreme Court have both acknowledged that school officials (such as school administrators, staff, and school security) are government agents—no less than police officers—and are bound by constitutional principals regarding searches of students. The school setting is a unique context for search and seizure issues, and school officials are given greater leeway to conduct such searches within the school context. Nevertheless, school officials investigating violations of the law or school rules should understand the proper standards for such searches and act accordingly. The SVP not only encourages that practice but also provides the information and training to school resource officers, school security officers, and school administrators on the applicable school law and constitutional principles so that searches are conducted in a permissible manner.

In turn, proper search, seizure, and interview techniques in the school context has a practical benefit as well. Rehabilitation of youth and the protection of the community often involves teaching the juvenile that anti-social behavior leads to consequences. Where searches or interviews are conducted improperly, school officials and law enforcement risk more than just civil liability. They may also be frustrated in their attempts to hold youth accountable and send a clear message to the school community, since the evidence of improper searches or interviews is often inadmissible in criminal or civil proceedings. On the other hand, a properly conducted search can be the first step toward some measure of accountability for the offense committed.

The SVP also provides assistance to schools with either immediate or more long-term school safety concerns. The SVP coordinator is available by phone or email to discuss factual scenarios, legal questions, or to provide a school with information about a student’s pending offenses as permitted under RCW 13.50.050*.

Finally, the SVP promotes networking and sharing ideas, problems, solutions, and strategies among school safety practitioners. School security, school administrators, SRO’s, truancy specialists, and even school district attorneys are encouraged to participate in electronic discussion groups, trainings, conferences, and meetings that the SVP helps to arrange and promote. SVP can also act as a court liaison with these groups, helping to provide advice or information consistent with the provisions that allow juvenile justice or care agencies to exchange information concerning the investigation or prosecution of a juvenile.

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What happens after a school offense is reported to law enforcement? When a youth is out of custody (not booked into the Youth Service Center)

When the police take a report in a school violence case, the officer or a follow-up detective will generally refer that police report to the Juvenile Section of the King County Prosecutor’s Office. If the case involves one of the seven offenses listed above, the case is eventually reviewed by the coordinator of the School Violence Program.

The prosecutor may find the case “sufficient,” “insufficient,” or return the case for more information to the investigating police agency before a decision can be made. A case that is “insufficient” is generally one where legal or factual deficiencies prevent the prosecutor from filing a charge. Occasionally, a school violence case involving young offenders may be so deminimis in nature that the incident is returned to be addressed by school-imposed discipline.

If a case is found sufficient, two different steps may follow: first, the juvenile may be referred to diversion. Diversion is a procedure that removes a juvenile’s case from the court forum and substitutes instead a committee of citizen volunteers to hear the matter. The juvenile cannot contest the charge and must be willing to take responsibility for his or her actions. The community accountability board, or CAB, decides only the appropriate sanction. If the juvenile is willing to accept this sanction, a contract is signed with the diversion committee in which the juvenile promises to complete the obligations imposed. If the juvenile succeeds, the matter is dismissed.

If, however, the case is not eligible for diversion, or if the case has been returned for any reason from the diversion unit to the prosecutor (such as a failure to complete the obligations as promised), the matter is filed in court, i.e., the Juvenile Division of the King County Superior Court.

Within two weeks of filing, the court schedules a juvenile for arraignment. Arraignment is the formal time that a person accused is notified of the charges which they are facing. A juvenile at this time will be referred to as a respondent, instead of the term “defendant” used in adult court. Unlike adult defendants, a juvenile respondent in King County who comes to arraignment will already have an assigned public defender, and the attorney should have some familiarity with the case. Even if a juvenile respondent wants to plead guilty, a judge will be reluctant to allow a plea at this early stage of the proceeding. The court will likely enter a plea of “not guilty’ at arraignment.

The next step is called different things in different jurisdictions. In King County Juvenile Court, the next appearance is the case setting hearing. This appearance is really not a “hearing” in the sense that the parties do not usually go in front of a court. The “hearing” is a time when a juvenile respondent decides what he or she is going to do, e.g., whether the respondent will plead guilty, whether the respondent will choose a fact finding (trial), or whether the respondent will choose an alternative resolution for which he or she is eligible, which might include a deferred disposition, drug court, treatment court, a chemical dependency disposition alternative (CDDA), or a mental health disposition alternative. The respondent might also ask to continue the hearing for more time to investigate or negotiate the case.

If a juvenile chooses to proceed with a fact finding, or trial, the case will be assigned to a courtroom. Witnesses are called and evidence is introduced in the same manner as with an adult trial. The only difference is that there is no jury—the judge renders the decision. If the juvenile respondent is found not guilty, the matter is over. If the respondent is found guilty, the case will move to disposition, or sentencing. The disposition may occur that day, or in more complex cases or with more complex issues the disposition may be continued to another date.

Dispositions usually fall into two categories: local sanction dispositions or a Juvenile Rehabilitation Administration (JRA) commitment. If the offense is a local sanction offense, the court can impose a sentence anywhere within a range on four different categories: community supervision, or probation (0-12 months); community service hours (0-150 hours); a monetary fine (0-$500); and detention (0-30 days). “Detention” can mean secured detention in the local juvenile facility (in King County, for example, the Youth Service Center at 12th and Alder Streets in Seattle), or may mean an alternative to secured detention (ASD), such as work crew, day reporting, electronic home monitoring, etc.

As a condition of the disposition order, the court may order a period of community supervision, or probation. If the court does so, the juvenile will be under the authority of the court for the period of supervision. The juvenile will be assigned a juvenile probation counselor to monitor his or her compliance with the conditions of the disposition order.

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When a youth is taken into custody at the Youth Service Center
When the police arrest a juvenile and book the juvenile into the Youth Service Center, they may do so if they have probable cause to believe that the juvenile has committed an offense. As discussed below, the King County Juvenile Detention center has limited criteria regarding when a juvenile may be booked into custody. For a full discussion of these criteria and other information on detention—such as information numbers, visiting hours, and visitation rules—check out the King County Juvenile Detention website at www.metrokc.gov/kcsc/detention.htm.

If a juvenile is arrested on an officer’s determination of probable cause, the juvenile has a right to a hearing within 48 hours (counting weekends and holidays) to allow a judge or magistrate to make a probable cause determination. This hearing is sometimes called the “first appearance”, “probable cause,” or “investigation” hearing or calendar. If probable cause is found by the court, the juvenile can either be held or released on conditions. If the juvenile is held in custody pending the filing of charges, the State has 72 hours (not counting weekends or holidays) to file charges with the court. If charges are not filed within this period, the juvenile is released at the end of the 72 hour period. Charges may still be filed at a later date.

If charges are filed within the 72 hour period, the juvenile will be brought before the court the following business day for a second appearance, at which time the court will arraign the juvenile on his or her charges. The court may also consider once again whether to retain the juvenile in custody or to release the juvenile on conditions.

If the youth is released from custody at his arraignment, speedy trial is 60 days from the time of arraignment. The next hearing—the case setting hearing—will be set approximately two weeks from the arraignment. If the youth is kept in detention, the case setting hearing will be one week from the arraignment, and speedy trial will expire 30 days from the date of arraignment.

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Are most juveniles held in custody after being reported to law enforcement for a school violence incident?
Unlike adults charged with a crime, the policy and philosophy behind juvenile justice emphasizes community-based sanctions and alternatives to secured detention wherever and whenever possible. RCW 13.40.040(2)* lists only five circumstances under which a juvenile may be held in detention once there is probable cause to believe that he or she has committed an offense: (1) if the juvenile will likely fail to appear for further proceedings; (2) if detention is required to protect the juvenile from himself or herself; (3) if the juvenile is a threat to community safety; (4) if the juvenile will intimidate witnesses or otherwise unlawfully interfere with the administration of justice; or (5) if the juvenile has committed a crime while another case was pending.

The King County Department of Adult and Juvenile Detention (DAJD) has specific intake criteria regarding juvenile offenses and the juvenile detention center. This narrows the scope of criminal offenses for which a juvenile offender will be accepted for custody in the detention facility at 12th and Alder in Seattle. The King County Superior Court will utilize alternatives to secured detention—including electronic home monitoring and day-reporting—whenever the safety of the community and the ends of justice are not compromised. For a full discussion of the intake criteria and other information on detention—such as information numbers, visiting hours, and visitation rules—check out the King County Juvenile Detention website at www.metrokc.gov/kcsc/detention.htm.

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What is Diversion?
Diversion is a program under RCW 13.40.080* in which a juvenile and members of a diversion unit enter a contract “whereby the juvenile agrees to fulfill certain conditions in lieu of prosecution.” RCW 13.40.080(1). In King County, the local diversion unit is called a CAB (Community Accountability Board). The CAB may impose community service, counseling, restitution, and other conditions of the signed contract with the juvenile. A successfully completed diversion is dismissed. If the juvenile refuses diversion or fails to complete the obligations imposed, the case is returned to the prosecutor. If the referral is “a misdemeanor or gross misdemeanor or violation and the alleged offense is the offender’s first offense or violation, the prosecutor must send the referral to the diversion unit per RCW 13.40.070(6)*.

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What type of security do schools have?
School District security models vary from district to district, and sometimes even vary within the district itself. King County has 19 independent school districts, most of which fall into one of the following 5 categories:

(1) School Security Officers:
A School Security Officer, or SSO, is an employee of the school or school district, and is considered a school official for purposes of search and seizure. The School Security Officer is not usually a commissioned law enforcement officer. The training and qualifications for a School Security Officer vary greatly from district to district and range from individuals who have no security background and little formal training to districts that require law enforcement academy training and require their security officers to carry firearms. Some districts have security officers that dress no differently from teachers. Other districts have security officers in easily-recognizable uniforms.

(2) School Resource Officers:
A School Resource Officer, or SRO, is a law enforcement officer from a local department who is assigned full-time or part-time to work at a specific school or schools. Some SRO’s also participate in school staff functions, such as teaching classes or helping to formulate individual education plans. Most SRO’s are certified for this position by a national organization, such as the National Organization of School Resource Officers (NASRO). At least one district in King County—the Seattle School District—has not implemented a formal SRO plan, but does utilize “emphasis officers” from local precincts who focus on the schools within their assigned patrol areas.

(3) Combination of Security and SRO’s:
Many districts implement a combination of security officers—who are employed by the district—and SRO’s, who are law enforcement officers from the local law enforcement agency. The security and SRO’s typically work in tandem, with security officers taking the lead in school-rule violations and the SRO taking the lead in matters that constitute criminal offenses.

(4) School District Police:
A School Police Officer is an employee of the school district, but has also been commissioned by the local authority with the power of arrest and other authorities similar to a commissioned law enforcement officer. School Police typically have law enforcement academy training. While this security model is popular in many large school districts around the nation, only one school district and city in the State of Washington commission School Police Officers (the City of Auburn and the Auburn School District).

(5) Nothing:
Some districts have resorted to no substantive security measures due to budget constraints. At most, a staff member will observe the lunch room and parking lot.

If you have questions about the model of security employed in your King County school district, go to School District Links, click on your district, and discover contact information so that you can ask the district directly.

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Is a juvenile offense or conviction confidential?
Information concerning a juvenile offense is governed by RCW 13.50.050* . Unless it has been sealed, the official court file of a juvenile offender is open to the public under RCW 13.50.050(2). This means that all information contained in a (unsealed) case that has been filed with the court is public information and there is no restriction on the dissemination of the information contained in the court file or that is disclosed in open court.

All records other than the official juvenile court file are confidential and may only be released as provided by law to parties designated by statute. RCW 13.50.050(3). Examples of offender information that would not be contained in official court files would be: cases that have gone to diversion or police reports that have not been filed with the court as part of the official court file.

Even with confidential records, RCW 13.50.050 contains exceptions to the general rule. Subsection (6), for example, recognizes that an offender’s attorney may obtain the records of the prosecutor or law enforcement as part of the discovery process in court. Subsection (7) permits the prosecutor or the police to disclose information, including police reports, to a school to assist the school in “protecting other students, staff, and school property.” Under subsection (9), the victim of a crime or the victim’s immediate family may learn the identity of an alleged or proven juvenile offender, the identity of the offender’s parents or guardians, and the circumstances of the alleged or proven offense.

How can I learn more about what's happening with Washington State security and school resource officers?

For school security officers, School Resource Officers, or other interested school safety participants who wish to keep in touch with trainings, resources, and other information, you are invited to participate in a group email loop across Washington state. Here are the instructions for becoming a subscriber to this discussion group:

A new participant can email the following address to sign up: SRO-subscribe@yahoogroups.com OR go to http://groups.yahoo.com/group/SRO/ and follow the instructions.

For questions about this email loop, contact Lisa Goines, Tukwila PD SRO or call 206-433-1808.


Please feel free to contact the School Violence Program with questions or comments through the coordinating Deputy Prosecutor information listed below:

LEAH TAGUBA
Deputy Prosecuting Attorney
School Violence Program Coordinator
1211 E. Alder Street
Seattle, Washington 98122
206-296-8859
FAX: 206-296-8869
Leah.Taguba@kingcounty.gov

* External Link

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Dated: January 18, 2008


Contact Us:

Phone:  206-296-9000
FAX:  206-296-9013
TDD:  206-296-0100

DANIEL T. SATTERBERG
King County Prosecuting Attorney
W554 King County Courthouse
516 Third Avenue
Seattle, WA  98104

E-Mail:  Prosecuting Attorney

Usual Office Hours:
8:30 a.m. - 4:30 p.m.
Monday - Friday


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